Age and Sex in Shullsburg, Lafayette County, Wisconsin (City)

Age Structure#1

Percentage in each age cohort per year of age.1 Gray areas represent percentile bands from the county subdivisions in Lafayette County.
Scope: population of Lafayette County, Shullsburg, and other county subdivisions in Lafayette County
Shullsburg
0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%Count%85+80-8475-7970-7467-6965-6662-6460-6155-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2922-24212018-1915-1710-145-90-4514.236%4.24%433.571%3.57%221.827%1.83%322.658%2.66%201.661%1.66%312.575%2.57%514.236%4.24%362.990%2.99%947.807%7.81%13611.296%11.3%675.565%5.56%675.565%5.56%715.897%5.90%867.143%7.14%736.063%6.06%302.492%2.49%221.827%1.83%30.249%0.25%80.664%0.66%312.575%2.57%746.146%6.15%917.558%7.56%655.399%5.40%

Age and Sex#2

Percentage in each age cohort per year of age.1
Scope: population of Lafayette County and Shullsburg
Female Male
Lafayette County
Shullsburg
Shaded bar tips show excess over facing bar.
0.5%0.0%0.5%Count%Senior2Older Adult3Younger Adult4College5Children6-0.200720%-0.057678%-0.221984%-0.020180%-0.258398%0.26%0.200720%0.221984%0.200720%0.20%19916.528%16.5%-0.700997%-0.096346%-0.687906%-0.797342%0.80%0.700997%0.687906%0.010242%0.700997%0.70%45137.458%37.5%-0.590624%-0.508810%-0.590624%0.59%0.590624%0.018457%0.508810%0.059879%0.609081%0.61%26021.595%21.6%-0.000000%-0.506163%0.000000%0.00%0.000000%0.685216%0.506163%0.096767%0.685216%0.69%332.741%2.74%-0.535253%-0.672238%-0.535253%0.54%0.535253%0.133813%0.672238%0.033744%0.669066%0.67%26121.678%21.7%

Detailed Age and Sex#3

Percentage in each age cohort per year of age.1
Scope: population of Lafayette County and Shullsburg
Female Male
Lafayette County
Shullsburg
Shaded bar tips show excess over facing bar.
1%0%1%Count%85+80-8475-7970-7467-6965-6662-6460-6155-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2922-24212018-1915-1710-145-90-4-0.109012%-0.046719%-0.071086%-0.015632%-0.155731%0.2%0.109012%0.071086%0.109012%0.1%514.236%4.24%-0.265781%-0.182724%-0.200083%-0.132198%-0.448505%0.4%0.265781%0.200083%0.265781%0.3%433.571%3.57%-0.049834%-0.265781%-0.277497%-0.030965%-0.315615%0.3%0.049834%0.277497%0.049834%0.0%221.827%1.83%-0.166113%-0.199336%-0.381111%-0.010719%-0.365449%0.4%0.166113%0.381111%0.166113%0.2%322.658%2.66%-0.138427%-0.389051%-0.138427%0.1%0.138427%0.276855%0.389051%0.029774%0.415282%0.4%201.661%1.66%-0.373754%-0.500208%-0.373754%0.4%0.373754%0.539867%0.500208%0.151849%0.913621%0.9%312.575%2.57%-0.415282%-0.581395%-0.643125%-0.996678%1.0%0.415282%0.643125%0.029774%0.415282%0.4%514.236%4.24%-0.415282%-0.664452%-0.696719%-1.079734%1.1%0.415282%0.696719%0.041684%0.415282%0.4%362.990%2.99%-0.581395%-0.796761%-0.581395%0.6%0.581395%0.398671%0.796761%0.021438%0.980066%1.0%947.807%7.81%-1.013289%-0.781278%-1.013289%1.0%1.013289%0.232558%0.781278%0.027392%1.245847%1.2%13611.296%11.3%-0.249169%-0.614618%-0.610969%-0.863787%0.9%0.249169%0.610969%0.020247%0.249169%0.2%675.565%5.56%-0.498339%-0.533556%-0.052403%-0.498339%0.5%0.498339%0.116279%0.533556%0.614618%0.6%675.565%5.56%-0.498339%-0.182724%-0.469243%-0.681063%0.7%0.498339%0.469243%0.044066%0.498339%0.5%715.897%5.90%-0.548173%-0.593104%-0.548173%0.5%0.548173%0.332226%0.593104%0.021438%0.880399%0.9%867.143%7.14%-0.564784%-0.083056%-0.460906%-0.647841%0.6%0.564784%0.460906%0.121479%0.564784%0.6%736.063%6.06%-0.415282%-0.514103%-0.415282%0.4%0.415282%0.000000%0.514103%0.047639%0.415282%0.4%302.492%2.49%-0.000000%-0.464479%0.000000%0.0%0.000000%1.827243%0.464479%0.017865%1.827243%1.8%221.827%1.83%-0.000000%-0.595486%0.000000%0.0%0.000000%0.249169%0.595486%0.178646%0.249169%0.2%30.249%0.25%-0.000000%-0.482344%0.000000%0.0%0.000000%0.332226%0.482344%0.095278%0.332226%0.3%80.664%0.66%-0.387597%-0.660990%-0.387597%0.4%0.387597%0.083056%0.660990%0.105203%0.470653%0.5%312.575%2.57%-0.498339%-0.684809%-0.046448%-0.498339%0.5%0.498339%0.232558%0.684809%0.730897%0.7%746.146%6.15%-0.564784%-0.653844%-0.564784%0.6%0.564784%0.382060%0.653844%0.075031%0.946844%0.9%917.558%7.56%-0.448505%-0.182724%-0.638361%-0.631229%0.6%0.448505%0.638361%0.029774%0.448505%0.4%655.399%5.40%

Detailed Sex Ratio#4

Percentage more males or females in selected age cohorts.
Scope: population of Lafayette County and Shullsburg
More Females More Males
Lafayette County
Shullsburg
400%200%0%200%M:FFM85+80-8475-7970-7467-6965-6662-6460-6155-5950-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2922-2415-1710-145-90-4-42.857143%-21.989529%-42.857143%42.9%0.7000.7058.824%58.8%41.176%41.2%-68.750000%-66.071429%-68.750000%68.8%0.5930.5962.791%62.8%37.209%37.2%-533.333333%-11.158798%-533.333333%533.3%0.1580.1686.364%86.4%13.636%13.6%-120.000000%-2.812500%-120.000000%120.0%0.4550.4568.750%68.8%31.250%31.3%200.000000%7.653061%200.000000%200.0%3.0003.0025.000%25.0%75.000%75.0%144.444444%30.357143%144.444444%144.4%2.4442.4429.032%29.0%70.968%71.0%-140.000000%-140.000000%140.0%4.629630%0.4170.4270.588%70.6%29.412%29.4%-160.000000%-160.000000%160.0%5.982906%0.3850.3872.222%72.2%27.778%27.8%68.571429%2.690583%68.571429%68.6%1.6861.6937.234%37.2%62.766%62.8%22.950820%3.506098%22.950820%23.0%1.2301.2344.853%44.9%55.147%55.1%-246.666667%-246.666667%246.7%3.313840%0.2880.2977.612%77.6%22.388%22.4%-9.821429%23.333333%23.333333%23.3%1.2331.2344.776%44.8%55.224%55.2%-36.666667%-36.666667%36.7%9.390863%0.7320.7357.746%57.7%42.254%42.3%60.606061%3.614458%60.606061%60.6%1.6061.6138.372%38.4%61.628%61.6%-14.705882%-14.705882%14.7%26.356589%0.8720.8753.425%53.4%46.575%46.6%0.000000%0.000000%0.0%9.266409%1.0001.0050.000%50.0%50.000%50.0%21.428571%15.915916%21.428571%21.4%1.2141.2145.161%45.2%54.839%54.8%-6.782609%46.666667%46.666667%46.7%1.4671.4740.541%40.5%59.459%59.5%67.647059%11.475410%67.647059%67.6%1.6761.6837.363%37.4%62.637%62.6%-40.740741%-40.740741%40.7%4.664179%0.7110.7158.462%58.5%41.538%41.5%

Map of Age Cohorts by Block Group in Shullsburg

Children Age Cohorts by Block Group#5

Percentage of population aged 0 to 17 (%):
20.4%21.2%21.9%22.6%23.3%24.0%

College Age Cohorts by Block Group#6

Percentage of population aged 18 to 21 (%):
2.42%2.55%2.67%2.80%2.92%3.05%

20s Age Cohorts by Block Group#7

Percentage of population aged 22 to 29 (%):
6.61%7.10%7.59%8.08%8.56%9.05%

30s Age Cohorts by Block Group#8

Percentage of population aged 30 to 39 (%):
11.2%11.9%12.5%13.1%13.7%14.3%

40s Age Cohorts by Block Group#9

Percentage of population aged 40 to 49 (%):
10.89%11.19%11.49%11.78%12.08%12.38%

50s Age Cohorts by Block Group#10

Percentage of population aged 50 to 59 (%):
18.40%18.75%19.09%19.44%19.78%20.13%

60s Age Cohorts by Block Group#11

Percentage of population aged 60 to 69 (%):
11.63%12.04%12.44%12.84%13.24%13.65%

70s Age Cohorts by Block Group#12

Percentage of population aged 70 to 79 (%):
4.43%4.66%4.89%5.11%5.34%5.57%

80+ Age Cohorts by Block Group#13

Percentage of population aged 80 and older (%):
4.1%4.9%5.5%6.2%6.9%7.6%
Road Data ©OpenStreetMap

Loading...

Failed to load :-(

Map of Age Cohorts by Block in Shullsburg

Children Age Cohorts by Block#14

Percentage of population aged 0 to 17 (%):
0%11%23%34%46%58%

College Age Cohorts by Block#15

Percentage of population aged 18 to 21 (%):
0%7%13%20%27%34%

20s Age Cohorts by Block#16

Percentage of population aged 22 to 29 (%):
0%10%20%30%40%50%

30s Age Cohorts by Block#17

Percentage of population aged 30 to 39 (%):
0%7%13%20%27%34%

40s Age Cohorts by Block#18

Percentage of population aged 40 to 49 (%):
0%13%27%40%53%67%

50s Age Cohorts by Block#19

Percentage of population aged 50 to 59 (%):
0%20%40%60%80%100%

60s Age Cohorts by Block#20

Percentage of population aged 60 to 69 (%):
0%15%30%45%60%75%

70s Age Cohorts by Block#21

Percentage of population aged 70 to 79 (%):
0%20%40%60%80%100%

80+ Age Cohorts by Block#22

Percentage of population aged 80 and older (%):
0%10%20%30%40%50%
Road Data ©OpenStreetMap

Loading...

Failed to load :-(

Age Cohorts by County Subdivision in Wisconsin

There are 1,927 county subdivisions in Wisconsin. This section compares Shullsburg to the 50 most populous county subdivisions in Wisconsin and to those entities that contain or substantially overlap with Shullsburg. The least populous of the compared county subdivisions has a population of 16,289.

Children by County Subdivision#23

Percentage of population aged 0 to 17 (%):
Scope: population of Shullsburg, selected other county subdivisions in Wisconsin, and entities that contain Shullsburg
0%5%10%15%20%25%Count#RacineSun PrairieMilwaukeeBeloitKenoshaOconomowocGermantownLafayette CountyLafayetteNeenahAppletonBeaver DamGreen BayHowardMuskegoSheboyganOnalaskaWest BendJanesville970400Tract 970400MidwestOak CreekDe PereUnited States of AmericaUnited StatesFitchburgBrookfieldWausauEast North CentralWisconsin RapidsWisconsinWaukeshaZIP Code 53586ZIP 53586Shullsburg School DistrictShullsburgFond du LacCudahyMenomonee FallsShullsburgShullsburgWauwatosaManitowocSouth MilwaukeeS MilwaukeeMiddletonFranklinTown of MenashaMenashaMequonPleasant PrairieMarshfieldAshwaubenonMount PleasantMt PleasantCaledoniaSuperiorWest AllisTown of Grand ChuteGrand ChuteEau ClaireGreenfieldOshkoshNew BerlinMadisonStevens PointLa CrosseMenomonie27.490986%27.490986%27.5%21,42421.4k127.439236%27.439236%27.4%8,704226.475933%26.475933%26.5%158,504159k326.431598%26.431598%26.4%9,730426.120262%26.120262%26.1%26,08526.1k525.968445%25.968445%26.0%4,230625.061474%25.061474%25.1%4,994724.807956%24.807956%24.8%4,16624.751441%24.751441%24.8%6,398824.742977%24.742977%24.7%15,11415.1k924.738443%24.738443%24.7%4,0671024.560033%24.560033%24.6%25,77625.8k1124.548813%24.548813%24.5%4,6521224.535497%24.535497%24.5%6,0481324.425870%24.425870%24.4%11,92311.9k1423.836704%23.836704%23.8%4,3851523.742143%23.742143%23.7%7,5171623.569192%23.569192%23.6%15,05615.1k1723.568916%23.568916%23.6%73723.217458%23.217458%23.2%15,712,75815.7M23.175649%23.175649%23.2%8,1621823.125815%23.125815%23.1%5,6761923.108006%23.108006%23.1%73,612,43873.6M23.049828%23.049828%23.0%6,2822023.031771%23.031771%23.0%8,7502123.028770%23.028770%23.0%9,0132223.005234%23.005234%23.0%10,741,74210.7M22.727525%22.727525%22.7%4,0882322.615876%22.615876%22.6%1,301,4981.30M22.304766%22.304766%22.3%16,06316.1k2422.261958%22.261958%22.3%49822.103800%22.103800%22.1%47721.825747%21.825747%21.8%9,3892521.707330%21.707330%21.7%3,9772621.698322%21.698322%21.7%7,8372721.677741%21.677741%21.7%26121.677741%21.677741%21.7%26121.471681%21.471681%21.5%10,17510.2k2821.465811%21.465811%21.5%7,1232921.182243%21.182243%21.2%4,4903021.152510%21.152510%21.2%3,9573121.120177%21.120177%21.1%7,6363221.099054%21.099054%21.1%3,9473321.079322%21.079322%21.1%4,9883420.862957%20.862957%20.9%4,2553520.821856%20.821856%20.8%3,7043620.685435%20.685435%20.7%3,5493720.547319%20.547319%20.5%5,3913820.430411%20.430411%20.4%5,0603920.366622%20.366622%20.4%5,4334020.210429%20.210429%20.2%12,23612.2k4118.768755%18.768755%18.8%4,1284218.680451%18.680451%18.7%12,30512.3k4318.551389%18.551389%18.6%6,8774418.254313%18.254313%18.3%12,17812.2k4518.021956%18.021956%18.0%7,1744617.137062%17.137062%17.1%42,16342.2k4715.287864%15.287864%15.3%4,0844814.748753%14.748753%14.7%7,6904913.323105%13.323105%13.3%2,17150

Age Cohorts by County Subdivision in the Midwest

There are 19,478 county subdivisions in the Midwest. This section compares Shullsburg to the 50 most populous county subdivisions in the Midwest and to those entities that contain or substantially overlap with Shullsburg. The least populous of the compared county subdivisions has a population of 112,821.

Children by County Subdivision#32

Percentage of population aged 0 to 17 (%):
Scope: population of Shullsburg, selected other county subdivisions in the Midwest, and entities that contain Shullsburg
0%10%20%Count#OlatheAurora TownshipAuroraKansas CityWayne TownshipWayneMilwaukeeWichitaLawrence TownshipLawrenceNorth TownshipNSt. PaulDetroitOmahaLafayette CountyLafayetteThornton TownshipThorntonSioux FallsRockford TownshipRockfordMilton TownshipMiltonBlue TownshipGrand RapidsTopekaPalatine TownshipPalatine970400Tract 970400Proviso TownshipProvisoDowners Grove TownshipDowners GrvToledoOverland ParkMidwestUnited States of AmericaUnited StatesWorth TownshipWorthEast North CentralClevelandCedar RapidsWarrenLincolnWisconsinColumbusBloomingdale TownshipBloomingdaleCapital TownshipCapitalLisle TownshipLisleWheeling TownshipWheelingZIP Code 53586ZIP 53586York TownshipSchaumburg TownshipSchaumburgDaytonCincinnatiShullsburg School DistrictShullsburgChicagoShullsburgShullsburgAkronCenter TownshipCtrMaine TownshipMaineWashington TownshipWashingtonSt. LouisSterling HeightsSterling HtsMinneapolisFargoKaw TownshipSpringfield TownshipSpringfieldMadisonAnn Arbor29.310098%29.310098%29.3%38,92038.9k128.976809%28.976809%29.0%42,91942.9k228.278188%28.278188%28.3%42,34842.3k327.826444%27.826444%27.8%39,26239.3k426.475933%26.475933%26.5%158,504159k525.967894%25.967894%26.0%100,764101k625.854317%25.854317%25.9%31,62531.6k725.508555%25.508555%25.5%40,40340.4k825.318684%25.318684%25.3%75,23775.2k925.218343%25.218343%25.2%172,353172k1025.047396%25.047396%25.0%110,978111k1124.807956%24.807956%24.8%4,16624.478487%24.478487%24.5%41,48141.5k1224.232733%24.232733%24.2%34,78134.8k1324.130412%24.130412%24.1%42,05442.1k1424.117607%24.117607%24.1%28,56228.6k1524.112045%24.112045%24.1%38,03038.0k1623.914961%23.914961%23.9%46,36846.4k1723.720503%23.720503%23.7%30,23730.2k1823.596819%23.596819%23.6%26,85226.9k1923.568916%23.568916%23.6%73723.475670%23.475670%23.5%35,61435.6k2023.327643%23.327643%23.3%34,71234.7k2123.297870%23.297870%23.3%65,43365.4k2223.297511%23.297511%23.3%42,81542.8k2323.217458%23.217458%23.2%15,712,75815.7M23.108006%23.108006%23.1%73,612,43873.6M23.039530%23.039530%23.0%35,21535.2k2423.005234%23.005234%23.0%10,741,74210.7M22.998471%22.998471%23.0%89,50289.5k2522.994202%22.994202%23.0%29,78629.8k2622.854245%22.854245%22.9%30,86930.9k2722.619388%22.619388%22.6%61,75561.8k2822.615876%22.615876%22.6%1,301,4981.30M22.597144%22.597144%22.6%185,081185k2922.578243%22.578243%22.6%25,47325.5k3022.459425%22.459425%22.5%26,15426.2k3122.348361%22.348361%22.3%26,63526.6k3222.283587%22.283587%22.3%34,53834.5k3322.261958%22.261958%22.3%49822.227271%22.227271%22.2%27,88327.9k3422.157443%22.157443%22.2%29,26429.3k3522.121536%22.121536%22.1%31,22331.2k3622.113949%22.113949%22.1%65,90265.9k3722.103800%22.103800%22.1%47721.913385%21.913385%21.9%594,733595k3821.677741%21.677741%21.7%26121.677741%21.677741%21.7%26121.641949%21.641949%21.6%42,96143.0k3921.428183%21.428183%21.4%31,52331.5k4020.781276%20.781276%20.8%28,36028.4k4120.516567%20.516567%20.5%27,94527.9k4220.242382%20.242382%20.2%63,97264.0k4320.047997%20.047997%20.0%26,39826.4k4419.962439%19.962439%20.0%80,78280.8k4519.917206%19.917206%19.9%23,09423.1k4618.240862%18.240862%18.2%31,31531.3k4718.124235%18.124235%18.1%29,93029.9k4817.137062%17.137062%17.1%42,16342.2k4913.862661%13.862661%13.9%16,37016.4k50

Age Cohorts by County Subdivision in the United States

There are 35,600 county subdivisions in the United States. This section compares Shullsburg to the 50 most populous county subdivisions in the United States and to those entities that contain or substantially overlap with Shullsburg. The least populous of the compared county subdivisions has a population of 547,300.

Children by County Subdivision#41

Percentage of population aged 0 to 17 (%):
Scope: population of Shullsburg, selected other county subdivisions in the United States, and entities that contain Shullsburg
0%10%20%Count#San BernardinoSouthwest DallasSW DallasNorthwest HarrisNW HarrisFresnoFort WorthSalt Lake CitySalt Lk CityNortheast TarrantNE TarrantHoustonMilwaukeeSan Antonio CentralSan Antonio CntrlEl PasoNortheast DallasNE DallasBronxPlanoTulsaDetroitPhoenixLafayette CountyLafayetteOntarioTownship 1:Charlotte1, CharlotteAnaheim-Santa Ana-Garden GroveAnaheim-Santa An…SacramentoLong Beach-LakewoodLong Bch-LakewoodLas Vegas970400Tract 970400Oceanside-EscondidoOceanside-Escond…BrooklynMidwestUnited States of AmericaUnited StatesAlbuquerqueEast North CentralSan JoseEast San Gabriel ValleyE San Gabriel VlySeattle EastWisconsinColumbusTown of HempsteadHempsteadZIP Code 53586ZIP 53586OrlandoPhiladelphiaShullsburg School DistrictShullsburgSan DiegoChicagoTampaAustinShullsburgShullsburgSan Fernando ValleySan Fernando VlyTucsonBaltimoreLos AngelesDenverQueensAtlantaMiamiSeattleWashingtonBostonManhattanSan Francisco28.994345%28.994345%29.0%243,195243k128.849273%28.849273%28.8%278,686279k228.832103%28.832103%28.8%215,729216k328.397448%28.397448%28.4%196,566197k427.641788%27.641788%27.6%235,492235k527.496527%27.496527%27.5%270,755271k626.987978%26.987978%27.0%154,609155k726.725236%26.725236%26.7%882,854883k826.475933%26.475933%26.5%158,504159k926.202297%26.202297%26.2%183,823184k1026.125729%26.125729%26.1%143,291143k1125.730246%25.730246%25.7%398,059398k1225.573137%25.573137%25.6%367,431367k1325.541202%25.541202%25.5%139,787140k1425.334430%25.334430%25.3%150,050150k1525.218343%25.218343%25.2%172,353172k1624.820142%24.820142%24.8%790,766791k1724.807956%24.807956%24.8%4,16624.651051%24.651051%24.7%158,701159k1824.540635%24.540635%24.5%198,493198k1924.485581%24.485581%24.5%415,583416k2024.105398%24.105398%24.1%270,060270k2124.003737%24.003737%24.0%138,756139k2223.974603%23.974603%24.0%448,315448k2323.568916%23.568916%23.6%73723.555887%23.555887%23.6%155,230155k2423.337305%23.337305%23.3%608,369608k2523.217458%23.217458%23.2%15,712,75815.7M23.108006%23.108006%23.1%73,612,43873.6M23.033158%23.033158%23.0%147,927148k2623.005234%23.005234%23.0%10,741,74210.7M22.866327%22.866327%22.9%401,701402k2722.814001%22.814001%22.8%218,249218k2822.721955%22.721955%22.7%133,247133k2922.615876%22.615876%22.6%1,301,4981.30M22.597144%22.597144%22.6%185,081185k3022.467309%22.467309%22.5%172,708173k3122.261958%22.261958%22.3%49822.237882%22.237882%22.2%129,541130k3222.168125%22.168125%22.2%345,809346k3322.103800%22.103800%22.1%47721.982996%21.982996%22.0%523,203523k3421.913385%21.913385%21.9%594,733595k3521.700117%21.700117%21.7%144,592145k3621.692326%21.692326%21.7%186,313186k3721.677741%21.677741%21.7%26121.677741%21.677741%21.7%26121.633042%21.633042%21.6%398,263398k3821.517750%21.517750%21.5%188,032188k3921.123671%21.123671%21.1%131,178131k4020.884750%20.884750%20.9%537,723538k4120.705017%20.705017%20.7%137,337137k4220.470812%20.470812%20.5%472,878473k4319.876571%19.876571%19.9%115,302115k4419.544858%19.544858%19.5%188,182188k4517.999155%17.999155%18.0%187,875188k4617.402645%17.402645%17.4%114,685115k4716.549062%16.549062%16.5%108,939109k4814.639548%14.639548%14.6%239,355239k4913.481174%13.481174%13.5%114,628115k50

Definitions

The US Census reports extensively on the topics of age and sex, often reporting other topics broken down by age and sex cohorts. This page reports on age and sex alone; charts presenting other topics by age and sex can be found on their topic-specific pages.

  • Children: less than 18 years old
  • College: from 18 to 21 years old
  • 20s: from 22 to 29 years old, to not overlap the college category
  • Younger Adult: from 22 to 39 years old
  • Older Adult: from 40 to 64 years old
  • Senior: more than 64 years old

For additional information about the data presented on this site, including our sources, please see the About Page.

More Topics to Explore

More Maps to Explore

State:

County:

City:

ZIP Code:

Unified School District:

Congressional District:

State Senate District:

Assembly District:

Neighboring Towns:

Nearby Townships: