Race and Ethnicity in Church Row Historic, Waterloo, Iowa (Neighborhood)

Race and Ethnicity#1

Percentage of the total population.
Scope: population of Waterloo and Church Row Historic
Church Row Historic
Waterloo
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%CountWhite1Hispanic2BlackAsianMixed1Other157.355709%72.659713%57.355709%57.4%2,1902,1917.347168%6.103252%7.347168%7.3%28028116.246402%15.717483%16.246402%16.2%62062115.828819%1.969074%15.828819%15.8%6046053.221903%2.745878%3.221903%3.2%1230.000000%0.000000%0.0%0.804599%0

Relative Race and Ethnicity#2

Race and Hispanic origin in Church Row Historic as a percentage of the total population, expressed as percentage point difference from Waterloo.
Scope: population of Waterloo and Church Row Historic
-10%0%+10%%ref.White1Hispanic2BlackAsianMixed1Other1-15.304004%-15.304004%-15.3%57.356%57.4%72.660%72.7%1.243916%1.243916%+1.2%7.347%7.35%6.103%6.10%0.528918%0.528918%+0.5%16.246%16.2%15.717%15.7%13.859745%13.859745%+13.9%15.829%15.8%1.969%1.97%0.476025%0.476025%+0.5%3.222%3.22%2.746%2.75%-0.804599%-0.804599%-0.8%0.000%0%0.805%0.80%

Relative Ethno-Racial Composition by Age#3

Ethno-racial composition by age cohort as a percentage within each age cohort.
Scope: population of Church Row Historic
White1
Hispanic2
Mixed3
Black3
Asian3
Other3
85+75-8465-7455-6445-5435-4430-3425-2920-2418-1915-1710-145-90-497.444515%97.4%2.555485%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%323368.128287%68.1%0.000000%5.542907%10.392950%0.000000%15.935856%15.9%14791.492241%91.5%0.000000%8.383596%0.124164%0.000000%0.000000%14514661.086349%61.1%0.984133%0.501321%20.240285%20.2%11.343768%5.844143%41460.809995%60.8%0.000000%1.353430%19.793929%19.8%11.253488%6.789157%36636.879929%36.9%3.640218%0.000000%9.033016%29.208227%29.2%21.238610%21.2%59765.384171%65.4%0.150817%0.000000%34.372846%34.4%0.092166%0.000000%21673.080389%73.1%3.863924%0.000000%13.371334%13.4%9.684353%0.000000%30557.430685%57.4%4.602345%0.932908%37.034062%37.0%0.000000%0.000000%33333443.794231%43.8%0.000000%0.000000%0.847130%54.940921%54.9%0.417718%24824971.238085%71.2%1.846641%0.000000%12.304125%12.3%14.611149%14.6%0.000000%13213353.508093%53.5%1.079550%11.821716%12.832419%12.8%19.678672%19.7%1.079550%26956.351385%56.4%0.136966%9.388131%8.670035%25.367879%25.4%0.085604%31750.039463%50.0%5.802692%2.499008%32.846952%32.8%8.682270%0.129616%2930%20%40%60%80%100%Count

Ethno-Racial Composition by Age Cohort#4

Ethno-racial composition by age cohort as a percentage of the total population.
Scope: population of Church Row Historic
White1
Hispanic2
Mixed3
Black3
Asian3
Other3
85+75-8465-7455-6445-5435-4430-3425-2920-2418-1915-1710-145-90-40.829241%0.021747%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%32332.623581%2.6%0.000000%0.213454%0.400227%0.000000%0.613681%1473.494216%3.5%0.000000%0.320181%0.004742%0.000000%0.000000%1451466.624679%6.6%0.106727%0.054367%2.195014%2.2%1.230207%0.633784%4145.831345%5.8%0.000000%0.129787%1.898129%1.9%1.079148%0.651043%3665.765760%5.8%0.569107%0.000000%1.412210%4.566376%4.6%3.320416%3.3%5973.700442%3.7%0.008536%0.000000%1.945344%1.9%0.005216%0.000000%2165.839058%5.8%0.308724%0.000000%1.068358%0.773771%0.000000%3055.020344%5.0%0.402317%0.081551%3.237359%3.2%0.000000%0.000000%3333342.849970%2.8%0.000000%0.000000%0.055128%3.575357%3.6%0.027184%2482492.471702%2.5%0.064072%0.000000%0.426908%0.506954%0.000000%1321333.772608%3.8%0.076114%0.833494%0.904754%1.387452%0.076114%2694.682331%4.7%0.011381%0.780076%0.720408%2.107860%2.1%0.007113%3173.844448%3.8%0.445811%0.191995%2.523576%2.5%0.667044%0.009958%2930%2%4%6%8%10%12%14%Count

Ethno-Racial Composition per Year#5

Ethno-racial composition per year of the age cohort as a percentage of the total population.
Scope: population of Church Row Historic
White1
Hispanic2
Mixed3
Black3
Asian3
Other3
85+75-8465-7455-6445-5435-4430-3425-2920-2418-1915-1710-145-90-40.051828%0.001359%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%32330.262358%0.000000%0.021345%0.040023%0.000000%0.061368%1470.349422%0.000000%0.032018%0.000474%0.000000%0.000000%1451460.662468%0.66%0.010673%0.005437%0.219501%0.123021%0.063378%4140.583135%0.58%0.000000%0.012979%0.189813%0.107915%0.065104%3660.576576%0.58%0.056911%0.000000%0.141221%0.456638%0.46%0.332042%5970.740088%0.74%0.001707%0.000000%0.389069%0.001043%0.000000%2161.167812%1.17%0.061745%0.000000%0.213672%0.154754%0.000000%3051.004069%1.00%0.080463%0.016310%0.647472%0.65%0.000000%0.000000%3333341.424985%1.42%0.000000%0.000000%0.027564%1.787678%1.79%0.013592%2482490.823901%0.82%0.021357%0.000000%0.142303%0.168985%0.000000%1321330.754522%0.75%0.015223%0.166699%0.180951%0.277490%0.015223%2690.936466%0.94%0.002276%0.156015%0.144082%0.421572%0.42%0.001423%3170.768890%0.77%0.089162%0.038399%0.504715%0.50%0.133409%0.001992%2930.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%Count

Race among Hispanics#6

Percentage of the Hispanic population.
Scope: population of Waterloo and Church Row Historic
Church Row Historic
Waterloo
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%CountWhiteBlackIndianAsianHawaiianOtherMixed31.294665%57.304164%31.294665%31.3%87880.000000%0.000000%0.0%1.293813%00.000000%0.000000%0.0%1.082098%00.000000%0.000000%0.0%0.564573%00.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.0%068.705335%37.591155%68.705335%68.7%1921930.000000%0.000000%0.0%2.164197%0

Map of Race and Ethnicity by Tract in Church Row Historic

White Race and Ethnicity by Tract#7

Whites (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
50%59%67%74%82%91%

Hispanic Race and Ethnicity by Tract#8

Hispanics (excluding black and Asian Hispanics) as a percentage of the population (%):
2.2%3.8%5.3%6.9%8.4%10.0%

Black Race and Ethnicity by Tract#9

Blacks as a percentage of the population (%):
2%9%16%22%29%36%

Asian Race and Ethnicity by Tract#10

Asians as a percentage of the population (%):
0.1%4.0%7.9%11.9%15.8%19.7%

Mixed Race and Ethnicity by Tract#11

Multiracial people (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
0.6%2.9%5.1%7.3%9.5%11.7%

Other Race and Ethnicity by Tract#12

Others (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
0.0%1.8%3.6%5.4%7.2%9.0%
Road Data ©OpenStreetMap

Loading...

Failed to load :-(

Map of Race and Ethnicity by Block Group in Church Row Historic

White Race and Ethnicity by Block Group#13

Whites (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
50%59%67%75%84%93%

Hispanic Race and Ethnicity by Block Group#14

Hispanics (excluding black and Asian Hispanics) as a percentage of the population (%):
1.2%3.4%5.5%7.7%9.8%12.0%

Black Race and Ethnicity by Block Group#15

Blacks as a percentage of the population (%):
1%8%13%19%25%32%

Asian Race and Ethnicity by Block Group#16

Asians as a percentage of the population (%):
0.0%4.5%9.1%13.6%18.1%22.7%

Mixed Race and Ethnicity by Block Group#17

Multiracial people (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
0.0%3.2%6.5%9.7%12.9%16.2%

Other Race and Ethnicity by Block Group#18

Others (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
0.00%0.25%0.50%0.74%0.99%1.24%
Road Data ©OpenStreetMap

Loading...

Failed to load :-(

Map of Race and Ethnicity by Block in Church Row Historic

White Race and Ethnicity by Block#19

Whites (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
23%39%54%69%85%100%

Hispanic Race and Ethnicity by Block#20

Hispanics (excluding black and Asian Hispanics) as a percentage of the population (%):
0%11%23%34%46%58%

Black Race and Ethnicity by Block#21

Blacks as a percentage of the population (%):
0%14%29%43%58%73%

Asian Race and Ethnicity by Block#22

Asians as a percentage of the population (%):
0.0%2.4%4.8%7.1%9.5%12.0%

Mixed Race and Ethnicity by Block#23

Multiracial people (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
0.0%4.8%9.7%14.5%19.4%24.3%

Other Race and Ethnicity by Block#24

Others (non-Hispanic) as a percentage of the population (%):
0%7%14%21%28%36%
Road Data ©OpenStreetMap

Loading...

Failed to load :-(

Race and Ethnicity by Neighborhood in Waterloo

There are 24 neighborhoods in Waterloo. This section compares Church Row Historic to all of the neighborhoods in Waterloo and to those entities that contain or substantially overlap with Church Row Historic.

Non-White Population by Neighborhood#25

Percentage of the total population.
Scope: population of Church Row Historic, selected other neighborhoods in Waterloo, and entities that contain Church Row Historic
White1
Hispanic2
Black
Asian
Other1
0%20%40%60%80%Count#Unity NeighborhoodUnityRoosevelt NeighborhoodRooseveltGood Shepherd NeighborhoodGood ShepherdGates Park NeighborhoodGates ParkCityview NeighborhoodCityviewCedar River NeighborhoodCedar RiverFranklin Gateway NeighborhoodFranklin GatewayHighland NeighborhoodHighlandChurch Row Historic NeighborhoodChurch Row HistDoe's NeighborhoodDoe'sWalnut NeighborhoodWalnutChautauqua Park NeighborhoodChautauqua PkUnited States of AmericaUnited StatesRiverfront NeighborhoodRiverfrontWest Central NeighborhoodWest CentralWaterlooRidgeway Towers NeighborhoodRidgeway TowersWaterloo Community School DistrictWaterlooMidwestHurst NeighborhoodHurstRiverview NeighborhoodRiverviewWest North CentralBlack Hawk CountyBlack HawkPark Haven NeighborhoodPark HavenLiberty Park NeighborhoodLiberty ParkGreenbrier NeighborhoodGreenbrierWaterloo and Cedar Falls Metro AreaWaterloo AreaIowaAlabar Hills NeighborhoodAlabar HillsMaywood NeighborhoodMaywoodAudobon NeighborhoodAudobon78.197320%8.099878%1.644336%0.000000%87.941535%87.9%838839180.266075%4.656319%0.000000%0.000000%84.922395%84.9%463464261.973094%8.699552%3.408072%0.000000%74.080717%74.1%268362.682104%7.667038%2.328677%0.384694%73.062512%73.1%905459.298387%11.754390%0.878829%0.000000%71.931607%71.9%397398530.977193%26.045331%1.720654%0.143901%58.887078%58.9%505644.031460%4.628387%2.023037%0.044343%50.727228%50.7%611740.813648%3.280840%0.787402%0.000000%44.881890%44.9%242816.246402%15.828819%7.347168%3.221903%42.644291%42.6%1,629924.428898%8.998578%7.682505%0.000000%41.109981%41.1%5631033.041888%4.081225%2.371800%0.151647%39.646560%39.6%1121122.982132%8.256315%6.038201%0.985829%38.262477%38.3%2261216.909408%12.632487%5.215570%3.287546%38.045012%38.0%121,195,490121M23.266133%8.095644%3.065918%1.737418%36.165113%36.2%5785791315.396579%12.752722%5.443235%0.000000%33.592535%33.6%3191415.717483%6.103252%3.550478%1.969074%27.340287%27.3%18,68918.7k17.207977%4.387464%4.330484%1.310541%27.236467%27.2%551513.918208%5.754519%3.394622%1.742693%24.810041%24.8%19,13419.1k10.353214%7.329174%2.947531%2.768176%23.398095%23.4%15,835,00715.8M10.116732%8.615898%2.501390%0.944969%22.178988%22.2%1741751610.116732%8.615898%2.501390%0.944969%22.178988%22.2%4546176.675286%5.875339%3.463125%2.665799%18.679549%18.7%3,919,6943.92M8.867574%4.076163%2.516921%1.963545%17.424202%17.4%23,14323.1k10.327471%3.319255%2.226388%1.352404%17.225518%17.2%345186.444631%3.571675%2.879837%2.394199%15.290342%15.3%936937198.024691%6.790123%0.000000%0.000000%14.814815%14.8%102103207.114808%3.475865%2.181835%1.707907%14.480416%14.5%24,59624.6k5.470051%3.317207%2.142865%2.106329%13.036453%13.0%404,989405k4.281191%3.682887%1.906476%0.555295%10.425849%10.4%8485216.360624%1.470208%0.821420%0.000000%8.652252%8.7%86222.769886%1.704545%1.029830%0.532670%6.036932%6.0%2823

Relative Race and Ethnicity by Neighborhood#26

Percentage point difference from Church Row Historic.
Scope: population of Church Row Historic, selected other neighborhoods in Waterloo, and entities that contain Church Row Historic
White1
Hispanic2
Black
Asian
Mixed1
Other1
-50%0%+50%%#Unity NeighborhoodUnityRoosevelt NeighborhoodRooseveltCityview NeighborhoodCityviewGood Shepherd NeighborhoodGood ShepherdGates Park NeighborhoodGates ParkMaywood NeighborhoodMaywoodAudobon NeighborhoodAudobonCedar River NeighborhoodCedar RiverAlabar Hills NeighborhoodAlabar HillsGreenbrier NeighborhoodGreenbrierIowaFranklin Gateway NeighborhoodFranklin GatewayWaterloo and Cedar Falls Metro AreaWaterloo AreaLiberty Park NeighborhoodLiberty ParkBlack Hawk CountyBlack HawkPark Haven NeighborhoodPark HavenWest North CentralHighland NeighborhoodHighlandHurst NeighborhoodHurstRiverview NeighborhoodRiverviewWalnut NeighborhoodWalnutMidwestWest Central NeighborhoodWest CentralWaterloo Community School DistrictWaterlooRidgeway Towers NeighborhoodRidgeway TowersWaterlooDoe's NeighborhoodDoe'sUnited States of AmericaUnited StatesChautauqua Park NeighborhoodChautauqua PkRiverfront NeighborhoodRiverfrontChurch Row Historic NeighborhoodChurch Row Hist-45.297244%-5.702832%-15.828819%-2.430186%-69.259080%-69.3%61.950919%7.308161%69.259080%+69.3%138.518%139%1-42.278104%-7.347168%-15.828819%-3.221903%-68.675993%-68.7%64.019674%4.656319%68.675993%+68.7%137.352%137%2-29.287316%-15.828819%-3.136002%-48.252137%-48.3%4.407223%43.051985%0.792929%48.252137%+48.3%96.504%96.5%3-31.436427%-15.828819%-47.265245%-47.3%1.352384%45.726693%0.186169%0.000000%47.265245%+47.3%94.530%94.5%4-30.418221%-15.444125%-0.893226%-46.755573%-46.8%0.319870%46.435702%0.000000%46.755573%+46.8%93.511%93.5%5-6.525748%-14.776194%-15.828819%-37.130760%-37.1%33.992039%1.309089%1.829633%37.130760%+37.1%74.262%74.3%6-6.317338%-13.476515%-14.124273%-2.689232%-36.607359%-36.6%36.607359%0.000000%36.607359%+36.6%73.215%73.2%7-16.242787%-15.684918%-1.867157%-33.794862%-33.8%18.698163%14.730792%0.365907%33.794862%+33.8%67.590%67.6%8-5.440692%-11.965211%-15.273523%-0.191377%-32.870803%-32.9%32.218442%0.652362%32.870803%+32.9%65.742%65.7%9-7.347168%-8.221710%-15.828819%-31.397697%-31.4%27.829476%3.568221%0.000000%31.397697%+31.4%62.795%62.8%10-1.877117%-12.929194%-13.685954%-1.545048%-30.037313%-30.0%29.607838%0.429474%30.037313%+30.0%60.075%60.1%-8.082937%-2.718780%-15.784475%-2.345472%-28.931665%-28.9%27.785058%1.146607%28.931665%+28.9%57.863%57.9%11-3.871303%-9.131593%-14.120911%-1.576401%-28.700209%-28.7%28.163875%0.536334%28.700209%+28.7%57.400%57.4%-0.902537%-12.674726%-13.434620%-0.989785%-28.001668%-28.0%27.353949%0.647719%28.001668%+28.0%56.003%56.0%12-3.271005%-7.378828%-13.865274%-1.278686%-25.793793%-25.8%25.220088%0.573704%25.793793%+25.8%51.588%51.6%-4.027912%-5.918930%-14.476415%-0.995515%-25.418772%-25.4%25.418772%0.000000%25.418772%+25.4%50.838%50.8%13-1.471829%-9.571115%-13.163020%-1.002728%-25.208692%-25.2%23.964742%1.243950%25.208692%+25.2%50.417%50.4%-2.237599%-4.066328%-15.828819%-2.434501%-24.567247%-24.6%24.567247%0.000000%24.567247%+24.6%49.134%49.1%14-7.630504%-14.883849%-0.720513%-23.234866%-23.2%20.465303%2.769564%0.000000%23.234866%+23.2%46.470%46.5%15-7.630504%-14.883849%-0.720513%-23.234866%-23.2%20.465303%2.769564%0.000000%23.234866%+23.2%46.470%46.5%16-3.265943%-15.677172%-2.045712%-20.988827%-21.0%2.997730%16.795487%1.195610%20.988827%+21.0%41.978%42.0%17-0.017994%-5.893187%-12.881288%-1.147682%-19.940151%-19.9%19.246196%0.693955%19.940151%+19.9%39.880%39.9%-3.493680%-15.828819%-19.322499%-19.3%9.051756%8.049411%2.221332%0.000000%19.322499%+19.3%38.645%38.6%18-1.592649%-2.328194%-14.086125%-0.559887%-18.566855%-18.6%17.834250%0.732605%18.566855%+18.6%37.134%37.1%-3.016683%-11.441354%-2.310222%-16.768260%-16.8%15.407824%0.961576%0.398860%16.768260%+16.8%33.537%33.5%19-1.243916%-0.528918%-13.859745%-0.476025%-16.108603%-16.1%15.304004%0.804599%16.108603%+16.1%32.217%32.2%-15.828819%-15.828819%-15.8%1.534309%1.651410%8.182496%4.093617%0.366985%15.828819%+15.8%31.658%31.7%20-3.613915%-10.613248%-0.960622%-15.187785%-15.2%4.599279%9.562240%1.026266%15.187785%+15.2%30.376%30.4%-14.842990%-14.842990%-14.8%4.381814%0.909148%6.735730%2.816298%0.000000%14.842990%+14.8%29.686%29.7%21-14.091400%-0.155985%-14.247386%-14.2%6.479178%0.748476%7.019731%0.000000%14.247386%+14.2%28.495%28.5%220.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.000000%0.0%0.000%0%23

White1 Population by Neighborhood#27

Percentage of the total population.
Scope: population of Church Row Historic, selected other neighborhoods in Waterloo, and entities that contain Church Row Historic
0%20%40%60%80%Count#Audobon NeighborhoodAudobonMaywood NeighborhoodMaywoodAlabar Hills NeighborhoodAlabar HillsIowaWaterloo and Cedar Falls Metro AreaWaterloo AreaGreenbrier NeighborhoodGreenbrierLiberty Park NeighborhoodLiberty ParkPark Haven NeighborhoodPark HavenBlack Hawk CountyBlack HawkWest North CentralHurst NeighborhoodHurstRiverview NeighborhoodRiverviewMidwestWaterloo Community School DistrictWaterlooRidgeway Towers NeighborhoodRidgeway TowersWaterlooWest Central NeighborhoodWest CentralRiverfront NeighborhoodRiverfrontUnited States of AmericaUnited StatesChautauqua Park NeighborhoodChautauqua PkWalnut NeighborhoodWalnutDoe's NeighborhoodDoe'sChurch Row Historic NeighborhoodChurch Row HistHighland NeighborhoodHighlandFranklin Gateway NeighborhoodFranklin GatewayCedar River NeighborhoodCedar RiverCityview NeighborhoodCityviewGates Park NeighborhoodGates ParkGood Shepherd NeighborhoodGood ShepherdRoosevelt NeighborhoodRooseveltUnity NeighborhoodUnity93.963068%93.963068%94.0%438439191.347748%91.347748%91.3%909910289.574151%89.574151%89.6%728386.963547%86.963547%87.0%2,701,6002.70M85.519584%85.519584%85.5%145,261145k85.185185%85.185185%85.2%590484.709658%84.709658%84.7%5,189582.774482%82.774482%82.8%1,6581,659682.575798%82.575798%82.6%109,678110k81.320451%81.320451%81.3%17,064,18517.1M77.821012%77.821012%77.8%613777.821012%77.821012%77.8%160876.601905%76.601905%76.6%51,841,47351.8M75.189959%75.189959%75.2%57,98858.0k72.763533%72.763533%72.8%147148972.659713%72.659713%72.7%49,66849.7k66.407465%66.407465%66.4%6306311063.834887%63.834887%63.8%1,0211161.954988%61.954988%62.0%197,362,672197M61.737523%61.737523%61.7%3643651260.353440%60.353440%60.4%1701711358.890019%58.890019%58.9%8068071457.355709%57.355709%57.4%2,1902,1911555.118110%55.118110%55.1%2972981649.272772%49.272772%49.3%5935941741.112922%41.112922%41.1%3523531828.068393%28.068393%28.1%1551926.937488%26.937488%26.9%3333342025.919283%25.919283%25.9%93942115.077605%15.077605%15.1%822212.058465%12.058465%12.1%11523

Definitions

Throughout these reports we will refer to several racial and ethnic groups, the definitions of which derive from those used by the US Census Bureau. In the interests of brevity and clarity we have combined several of the Census categories yielding the following mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories:

  • White: non-Hispanic whites
  • Hispanic: Hispanics, excluding black and Asian Hispanics
  • Black: blacks, including Hispanic blacks
  • Asian: Asians, including Hispanic Asians
  • Mixed: non-Hispanic mixed race people
  • Other: American Indians and other groups not otherwise categorized

In all cases, racial and ethnic classification is based on self-identification. While the term 'Hispanic' is an ethnic, not a racial, designation (and so there exist Hispanic and non-Hispanic people of all races), we conform with the common practice of comparing Hispanics with other racial groups. This is reflected in our categorization (listed above), and in our preference for the term 'ethno-racial group' in place of just 'race'. Finally, while these categories are used wherever possible, the data does not always allow this grouping, so it is important to read the footnotes of each chart to understand the definitions used therein.

Unlike the other geographical entities detailed on this site, neighborhoods are not recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau. To overcome this we have computed reasonable estimates of the same statistics that are presented for other the entity types. Each statistic is computed as the weighted sum or average of the census tracts or block groups that overlap the neighborhood. A weighted sum is used for counts of people or households, and a weighted average is used for statistics that are themselves some form of average, such as median household income. Census block groups are preferred when the statistic in question is available on the block group level. The weight for a given tract (or block group) is computed as the population of the census tabulation blocks that occupy the intersection between the tract and the neighborhood as a fraction of the total population of the neighborhood.

For additional information about the data presented on this site, including our sources, please see the About Page.

More Topics to Explore

More Maps to Explore

State:

County:

Metro Area:

City:

ZIP Codes:

Unified School District:

Congressional District:

State Senate Districts:

State House Districts:

Neighboring Neighborhoods: